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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ............................................................ ............................................................ ....... 1
Introduction ............................................................ ............................................................ ................. 3
Taxonomy ............................................................ ............................................................ .................... 3
The Livebearers ............................................................ ............................................................ .. 4
Biology of the Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri ............................................................ ........................ 4
Geographic Distribution ............................................................ ................................................. 4
Morphology ............................................................ ............................................................ ....... 4
Reproductive Biology ............................................................ ..................................................... 6
Sex Ratio ............................................................ ............................................................ ............ 7
Gestation and Embryonic Development ............................................................ ......................... 8
Effects of Temperature on Reproduction ............................................................ ........................ 8
Fecundity ............................................................ ............................................................ ........... 9
Growth ............................................................ ............................................................ ............. 10
Culture System ............................................................ ............................................................ .......... 11
Breeding ............................................................ ............................................................ ........... 11
Commercial-Scale Production ............................................................ ...................................... 12
Stocking Densities for Growout ............................................................ ................................... 14
Feeding ............................................................ ............................................................ ............ 15
Water Quality ............................................................ ............................................................ .... 16
Harvesting Livebearers ............................................................ ................................................. 17
Preparation for harvesting ............................................................ ............................................. 17
Harvesting Gear ............................................................ ............................................................ 17
Harvesting by Seine ............................................................ ...................................................... 18
Holding Tanks ............................................................ ............................................................ ... 19
Grading for Size ............................................................ ............................................................ 19
Preparation of Anesthesia ............................................................ ............................................. 20
Sorting ............................................................ ................................